Perspectives Woman at point Zero

The story revolves around a woman who seeks vengeance against betrayal by her lover. The play is set in the city of Corinth where the lady Medea has been invited to by Jason following the Golden Fleece. Jason decides to leave her for another woman, Glauce whose father happens to be a King.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Perspectives: Woman at point Zero specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the opening scene of the play, Medea is beating herself over the loss and present to console her is an elderly nurse. The nurse tries to console her and she is afraid that Medea might end up harming herself and her kids. King Creon, Glauce’s father has gotten wind of the incident and he shows up with the intention of sending her to exile. He is extremely afraid of what she might do. Later, Jason arrives, sits her down and tries to explain his actions. He justifies what he did saying that it would have been unreasonable f or him to let the chance to marry a princess pass him by. Medea is barbarian and according to Jason, there is no pride in marrying her. He however supposes that in the future he could consolidate the two households and maintain Medea as a mistress. He promises to take care of her even after he is married to the princess. Medea and fellow women do not trust his word and she goes ahead to remind him that she moved away from her people on his account and that she was her salvation from the dragon. In the succeeding scenes, the King of Athens pays Medea a visit and he is saddened by the fact that he does not have children. Medea promises to help his wife conceive as long as he promises to offer her protection. As scenes unfold, Medea strategizes on how best to kill King Creon and his daughter Glauce. She finally decides to poison them by placing some toxic substances in the royal robes. She hopes that both father and daughter will be poisoned once they put on the attires. She also plans to kill both her children as an act of revenge against Jason. Her plot to kill King Creon and Glauce materializes and she also manages to murder her two sons. Knowing very well that Jason will be looking to kill her after the heinous actions she packs up and escapes to Athens taking the children’s bodies with her. The play is written in a style that suits the time in which the events were based. The constant interaction between human beings and gods follows the trends of most Greek mythologies and the action of the play happens unbelievably. It is however hard for anyone modern times to see the justification of Medea’s deeds. It almost seems selfish that she decided to cruelly kill her children and then run off to another city to continue with life as usual.Advertising Looking for essay on literature languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The story appears to show the challenges that women face in a dominan tly patriarchal society and tries to explore the inner strengths that women can summon in their defence. Euripides uses Medea’s unique character to bring out the themes of passion and revenge. The element of class distinction is also well illustrated with Medea’s barbaric heritage being contrasted with Glauce’s royal lineage. Euripides clearly illustrates that the higher class will always strive to maintain dominance over the low class even if it means sometimes forcefully taking the desirable acquisitions that the lower class have secured. This essay on Perspectives: Woman at point Zero was written and submitted by user Bennett Odom to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Easy Emerald Geode Crystal Project

Easy Emerald Geode Crystal Project Grow this crystal geode overnight using plaster for the geode and a non-toxic chemical to make simulated emerald crystals. Emerald Crystal Geode Materials A geode is a hollow rock that is filled with small crystals. This homemade geode is much like a natural one, except these crystals take hours to form rather than millions of years. monoammonium phosphate (also called ammonium phosphate, sold as a plant fertilizer or for use in dry fire extinguishers)  hot waterfood coloringplaster of Paris   Prepare the Geode Prepare a hollow plaster of Paris rock: First you need a rounded shape in which you can mold your hollow rock. The bottom of one of the depressions in a foam egg carton works great. Another option is to set a piece of plastic wrap inside of a coffee cup or paper cup.Mix a small amount of water in with some plaster of Paris to make a thick paste. If you happen to have a couple of  seed crystals  of ammonium phosphate, you can stir them into the plaster mixture. Seed crystals can be used to provide nucleation sites for the crystals, which can produce a more natural-looking geode.Press the plaster of Paris against the sides and bottom of the depression to make a bowl shape. Use plastic wrap if the container is rigid, so that its easier to remove the plaster.Allow about 30 minutes for the plaster to set up, then remove it from the mold and set it aside to finish drying. If you used plastic wrap, peel it off after you pull the plaster geode out of the container. Grow the Crystals Pour about a half cup of very hot tap water into a cup.Stir in ammonium phosphate until it stops dissolving. This occurs when a few crystals start to accumulate at the bottom of the cup.Add food coloring to color your crystals.Set your plaster geode inside a cup or bowl. You are aiming for a container that is a size such that the crystal solution will just cover the top of the geode.Pour the crystal solution into the geode, allowing it to overflow into the surrounding container and eventually cover the geode. Avoid pouring in any undissolved material.Set the geode in a location where it wont be disturbed. You should see crystal growth overnight.When you are pleased with the appearance of your geode (overnight up to a few days), remove it from the solution and allow it to dry. You can pour the solution down the drain.Keep your geode beautiful by protecting it from high humidity and dust. You can store it wrapped in a paper towel or tissue paper or inside of a display case. Tips and Tricks If green isnt your color, you can use any color of food color you like.You can grow geodes using other chemicals, like salt, sugar, or Epsom salts.If you dont have Plaster of Paris or simply dont want to mess with it, you can grow the geode inside a clean egg shell. The egg shell is calcium carbonate, so this geode is much like a natural mineral. If you pour the crystal solution over the egg shell, youll get crystals both outside and inside the shell. To get crystals only on the inside, fill the shell with the solution.An advanced form of this project is to grow crystals inside a rock that you can crack open to see the crystals. This takes a bit more work, but produces a cool effect.You can hollow an egg shell by making a small hole in one end of the shell and using a needle to stir up the egg. Shake out the egg and allow the shell to dry before filling the hole with the crystal solution. You may need to use a needle for this. After filling the egg, make sure the hole is at the top, so it wont get plugged with crystals. Allow a day for the geode to fill. Drain off the solution and youre done! You might wish to allow several days before opening this geode, to make certain the inside is completely dry.

Provocation As A Defence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Provocation As A Defence - Essay Example The researcher states that today, under the English common law the act of provocation as a defence has been considered as a vali, since last many centuries especially in cases of murder and wherever it has been proved to be a valid defence worth consideration then in that case the murder charge has been converted to man-slaughter. The killings done by the accused has been condoned because according to the judge and the jury it was done in a state of anger aroused by some or the other kind of provocation. Provocation as a defence has been going on since the medieval times. The Royal Commission on Capital Punishment, which reported in 1953, concluded that the defence was, in some respects, too rigid and exclusionary. The English Law Commission has recently published its final proposals for a reformed law of provocation. The recommendations come in two parts: situations where accused acted in response to a fear of serious violence or in response to words or conduct that constitute †Å"gross provocation.† In cases of fear of serious violence, accused will be convicted of second degree murder, provided a person of the accused’s age and of ordinary temperament, in the given circumstances might have reacted in the similar way. This development is welcome and seems entirely suitable to cover without strain domestic violence cases. It also caters to the demands of the long drawn of several activists who had been crying hoarse over the years over the defence of provocation as being flawed and bloated.

Mathematics Autobiography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Mathematics Autobiography - Essay Example In my entire course, my grades were good enough to further my study since my improvement was notable. My interest in mathematics started after my first pre-calculus class. My professors led me to discover the mystery of math and showed me the significance of mathematics in the scientific world. Presently, as a math major student in Seattle University, I am focused to get a better grade. This will help me get a higher-level education of mathematics in the future. My future plans and my personal expectations in mathematics is to get into a graduate school and major in statistics. From my researched understanding, statistics is a study that involves mathematical calculations and data analysis. This helps predict the future and determine what happened in the past. A program which works with numbers and data is challenging hence will improve my cognitive understanding and make my life more wonderful. The most attractive thing about mathematics in my life is studying with numbers. I can solve problems using different approaches and prove my answers with numbers. I consider it more interesting when I solve problems using numbers instead of using words. To me, using of Reserve proof to prove a mathematics problem is like a magic. However, not every aspect of mathematics interests me. For instance, understanding of theorem and definitions, as presented in publications has always been a problem to me. Reading is the hardest part in my life, so I still need to work hard with the definitions. Calculus II, integral, and Differential Equation are the most interesting units that I have taken in my entire course. I like integral and it interests me to integrate a hard question and finally figure out the answer. After taking Differential Equation class, I learned how to integrate an equation and restore it back to its previous state. I am taking math 310 as a major requirement and the same unit is a basic class for my higher-level math classes. Proving, which is a

Introduction philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Introduction philosophy - Essay Example One of the critical condemnations of Existentialism has been that it is so much atheistic that the existentialists argue that God does not exist in the world. However, Sartre convincingly purports that existentialism is simply not that, and it is important to realize that, according to the existentialists, it does not matter if God exists or not. â€Å"Existentialism,† Sartre makes clear, â€Å"is nothing else than an attempt to draw all the consequences of a coherent atheistic position. It isn’t trying to plunge man into despair at all†¦ Existentialism isn’t so atheistic that it wears itself out showing that God doesn’t exist. Rather, it declares that even if God did exist, that would change nothing. There you’ve got our point of view.† (Sartre, 51) According to him, it does not mean that the existentialists believe that God exists, but rather they think that the problem of the existence God is not the issue here. Therefore, it is impor tant to realize existentialism as optimistic and as a doctrine of action. It is also fundamental to distinguish between the despair of the Christians and that of the existentialists, and the arguments of Sartre have great implications with regard to the existentialist understanding of human nature and the nature of vale. One of the basic arguments of the existentialists has been that there is no human nature, in view of the fact that there is no God to conceive it and the philosophy of Sartre should be realized as an attempt to draw all the consequences of a coherent atheistic position. Therefore, the quotation given here has great implication in realizing the fundamental philosophy of the existentialists with regard to the nature of human beings. Existentialism has been charged with dwelling on human degradation and neglecting the gracious and beautiful, the bright side of human nature. However, Sartre offers a convincing explanation of how

Historical Development f Public Administration

Historical Development f Public Administration Since at least the 1970s, public administration has been characterized by an intellectual identity crisis, the various dimensions of which can be most compactly summarized as the legitimacy problem. Drawing from specific authors and schools of thought, outline the major dimensions of the legitimacy problem in public administration and describe the ways in which scholars and reformers have diagnosed and attempted to resolve this problem. Next, explain why the legitimacy problem matters. What is at stake? In considering this aspect of the question, you should think about how the issues presented via the legitimacy question affect the everyday practice of democratic government and the identity of public administration as a field of study. The debate over public administration identity and its legitimacy problem have been the focus for many years, and very likely to continue in foreseeable future. Previous scholars in public administration have examined this issue through a variety of approaches and perspectives. More specifically, the framing of the legitimacy issue and identity crisis in the discipline are all subjected to different scholars own focus and perception about the world. Perhaps the origin of the problem can be dated back to the establishment of US nation, when Founding Fathers drafted the constitution and design three branches of government with check and balance mechanism, they left out public administration, which others might considered that public administration is not a democratic production due to its hieratical structure, and therefore, does not have a legitimate place in government. In general, we can summarize these debates into following aspects: the accountability aspect, constitutional aspect , role of government aspect, and method of public administration employ to approach both academic study and practical matters. These issues affect how we conceptualize the practice of public administration as well as the conduct of research inquiry in the field. Historical development of public administration (accountability aspect) The earliest scholars who mention the identity of public administration are Wodrow Wilson and Goodnow, which also raise the issue of politic-administration dichotomy. During the early period of 20th century, the government system is considered to be corrupted with patronages. Therefore, Wilson argued that there should be a distinct separation between politics and administration, and Goodnow further conclude that politics is the representation of peoples will and administration is the execution of that will. They envision a bureaucratic system with hieratical structure and formal rules and regulations, and expert administrators will act faithfully according to the political system. This notion give rise to the debate between Friedrik and Finer, where on one hand, Finer believes in strict regulation that guard against administrators abuse the power and administrators should only focus on the technical issues, while Friedrik was arguing administrators are experts and should actively eng age in policymaking process. In addition, such dichotomy between politics and administration also revisited by scholars Dwight Waldo and Herbert Simon. Waldo in his Administrative State, points out that the dichotomy is between facts and values, which is impossible and should not be separate in government, since public administration deals with peoples perception toward the state, and the study as well as practice of it should be guided by different normative values. Simon on the other hand, in Administrative Behavior, arguing while there is close relation between politics and administration, the purpose of public administration should focus on the most efficient way to carry out those values. Empirical aspects of legitimacy problem (Role of the government aspect) There are multiple aspects revolving legitimacy problem, from empirical and practical aspect, Nye et al in their book government and its discontented perform empirical test and found that US public has low trust in government and perceive it as inefficient and ineffective which poses the legitimacy problem for the government. Such negative perception toward government, according to David Harvey is stem from neoliberalism, especially against Keynes approach to expend the government during Roosevelt administration. Essentially, the debate over the role of government, or the tension between neoliberalism and Keynes approach, is about the identity of public administration. In other words, neoliberalism considers administrators as hindrance while Keynes supporter see positive value in them. This also introduced the era of New Public Management (NPM) reform. According to scholars Lynn and Kettl, NPM advocates for emphasis on efficiency and accountability to customers, and the market approach which include privatization of services, contract out government service to private and non-profit sectors. However, recent scholars like Stivers, King et al, Denhardt, Fung, Nabatchi, and Lucio, they see weakness in empathizing rolling back or hollowing out the state, and highlight the importance of people trust and connection with others, which government should play active role. (Constitution aspect) Another point of attention in legitimacy problem resides in the constitution, or federalist and anti-federalist debate. Constitution did not directly mention the creation of an administrative system but focus on separation of power, which produced the ambiguities of whether public administration is legitimate or not. Scholar Spicer believe the reason is because constitution regards people as not always rational and must rely on formal rules and structure, and government establishes its legitimacy through a federalist view. However, other scholars have different perspectives than Spicers. For example, McSwite argues that the creation of constitution is a compromise act, a conflict between the social elites that want to ensure their interests and lower members of society, in which the elites successfully create a centralized government that serve the interest of few. Therefore, McSwite was champion a more direct form of democracy system that can alleviate the legi timacy problem. On the other hand, scholar Rohr disagree with McSwites position and believes that constitution was actually intended for public administration to exist because constitution limits the legislature branchs ability to fully represent peoples will. In other words, Rohr suggest that the legitimacy problem occurs due to different interpretation of constitution, and the solution to government legitimacy problem is public administration since administrators are closer to the people compare to congress. Major schools of thoughts and scholars (method aspect) It is not surprising that same constitution could have several different meaning for different scholar, which correspond to scholar David Farmers argument that social reality is different for different groups because each scholars understanding and approach the field is limited by their own experience and knowledge. Coming from a post-modernist perspective, Farmer suggests that the study of public administration should approach through examining the characteristics underlying in current society. In other words, Farmers solution to the public administration identity crisis is to examine the reality through different perspective, which allows for a better understanding of reality. In particular, he points out the limitation of contemporary methods in the practice of public administration which include emphasis on scientific reasoning in the discipline and market-ism in practice. On one hand, scientific reasoning overlooks values and ethic dimension. On the other, market approach practi ce contradicts with governments goal of improving public wellness. Fundamentally, post-modernist perspective caution that reasons and rationality might hinder our understanding of the reality. Similar to Farmers post-modernist perspective, Stivers approach this science and enterprise method in public administration through feminism perspective. Stivers points out that current foundation for public administration was established on gender differences, where masculine attributes like science and rationality overcome the common attributes like trust and caring which considered to be feminine. In addition, Stivers believes that the legitimacy crisis is rooted in the nature of public administration, in which she argues that it is essentially about public trust and connection with each other, the attributes considered to be feminine. Yet public administration legitimacy was established through masculinity, therefore, which caused the decrease of interest in social wellness and seeks effic iency of individual interest. According to Stivers, the end result of that conflict leads to the legitimacy problem, therefore, Stivers believe the solution to the problem is that administrators should focus on improving the relationship and connection between individual among society, and enhance peoples notion of the public. Similarly, Stiverss notion corresponds to Waldos previous suggestion. Waldo strongly disagree with public administration as a value-neutral discipline that apply scientific method to pursuit efficiency, he argues that efficiency is essentially a value also, and to emphasize on efficiency along will sacrifices other normative values. The famous example Waldo use is that Germanys approach during World War II of ethnic cleansing is extremely efficient. Recent scholars like Denhardts also argue another weakness in scientific inquiry into public administration study is the risk that disregard as irrational in peoples behaviors that are not driven by rationality or self-interest. To summarize the method aspect of legitimacy problem, for practitioners, the identity crisis resides in their perception toward different governance approaches: in traditional governance, the method is command and control; in market governance, the method is self-interest; and in collaboration governance, the method is trust and negotiation. How administrators identify which approach should take depend on their beliefs and perception. On the other hand, the methodological aspect of identity crisis in the academic study of public administration revolving around whether public administration is an art that surround with different values and perspectives; or a science that focus on analyzing facts. Scholar Raaschelders propose his solution to identity crisis by acknowledging there are advantages in each of inquiry methods, and the solution to this problem is to put this debate aside and move on. Why legitimacy problem important? Legitimacy issue is a critical challenge facing public administration for both government and academic discipline. Not surprisingly, scholars who participated in the debate over identity crisis all have their own argument why legitimacy issue is a serious problem. For example, scholar Rohr points out that if administration was seen as illegitimate to the people, this will lead to social unrest. Also, Ostrom, in the book intellectual crisis in public administration mentioned that the incidents like Watergate could be attributed to the crisis of legitimacy. Aside from previous scholars concerns, in my opinion, for academic scholars studying in the field of public administration, if we fail to reach consensus on what is public administration and what elements constitute a legitimate knowledge inquiry, then, public administration might be under the risk of being a subfield to another discipline, or even fractionized into several. In addition, the identity crisis of what is public adminis tration can also complicated the intellectual crisis of what the study of public administration should focus. The failure of defining core identity and drawing a clear boundary of inquiry might jeopardize future development of public administration study. While my concerns might not be the same as what scholars like Raaschelders and Denhardt have argued, Raaschelders suggests that current debate over identity of public administration on its methodological approaches is backward, and somewhat meaningless due to the complexity nature of government rendering the true understanding of reality impossible, therefore, future scholars should just move beyond this debate and consider public administration discipline as an interdisciplinary study like a harbor anchoring multi-face studies. Denhardt on the other hand, argues that current emphasis on scientific method might limit the room for other considerations. Therefore, the study of public administration should include other perspectives. These are valid arguments, however, I believe how scholars perceive their studies and how the field defines itself will significantly shape future study and the methods. Yet in the education of public administration, which deals with the training of future administrators, and the curriculum design is associated with what capacity scholars believe administrators should have. My argument for the importance of legitimacy problem is that while public administration discipline includes various schools of thought with their own advantages and weakness, if the academic field is so complex and scholars cannot draw a boundary to the knowledge, then the accumulation of knowledge created since the inception of public administration, combine with extreme diverse scholars perception and methodology, I fear that the wide range content cover in current education system might exceed students capacity to comprehend. In more simplistic terms, my argument is that there is no doubt that every schools o f thought is valuable and impossible to decide which one is outside the realm of public administration, however, the sheer amount of public administration knowledge still requires and challenges this discipline to triage its body of scholars work, so that the training and cultivation of future administrator is possible. Otherwise, over time, this problem of drawing definition might translates to future government administrators and the public struggling with the different experience and understanding; perceptions of governments role; and their approach to formulate and implement policy.

Solve a Problem

Solve a Problem Paper Laura Cud university to Phoenix PHALLI Creative Minds and Critical Thinking Jansen Buckler August 07, 2013 The concept of creativity in processing a strategic plan was not implemented in a professional scenario of consolidating two warehouses together; a consolidation that creates a centralized operation to maintain transparency for customer satisfaction. The creative process has two broad applications to open the thought process of being creative: solving problems and resolving controversial Issues (Ruggeri, 2009).More to the point the terms problem and issue noticeably overlap; both terms refer o an unpleasant condition that challenges the resourcefulness to provide a satisfactory remedy to an explosive problem. Although the term Issue divides personnel against each other, both sides have created barriers against the opposing party. By evaluating the four stages of creativity will gain an understanding to have a productive project while maintain transparency t o the customer. The tour stages to creative process that should have applied to a consolidation project begin with (a) searching for challenges (Ruggeri, 2009).Frequently challenges are presented with issues that create an evidential dilemma. Problems that include longer than expected customer wait time due to multiple warehouses to execute a response of materiel issue to the customer. To meet this challenges In an original yet effective way management must (b) express the problem or issue to identify the problematic areas for consolidating the warehouses. Recognizing the problems within an issue will yield a plausible solution.Furthermore having to transport materiel issue documents between building causing double and sometime triple handling of materiel hard copy issue documents. Only after the (c) investigating to problem or issue will management discover the pertain Information necessary to deal effectively with customer dissatisfaction of having to wait long periods of time to receive materiel, especially under urgent conditions. The investigating stage allows the process to be mapped out to see where fresh Ideas can be Implemented and old processed might be evicted bring about a new and improved management of hard copy documents.These fresh concepts will be the source of (d) producing ideas that generates credible consideration to decide what action to take In order to mitigate the current customer wait times. Although there are two obstacles to overcome: the unwitting tendency to limit Ideas regarding familiar habits and creating barriers to the â€Å"unknown† to change (Ruggeri, 2009). The Ana in our project tell short in this stage, as a team on this consolidation project we taunt ourselves tempting to hold tight to the current processes. It seemed that the new processes were alien and the creativity within this project fell short.Because we fought the inevitable the turn-around time of the projects cradle to grave life line went from a two mon th expected closure to a six month lingering of barriers to change. Understanding the techniques used to break down the barriers of change and have a successful consolidation closed the fourth stage of creative processes. The techniques used in this consolidation challenge were trim-fold, stake holders that included the employees, management, and customers. Both employees and management was observant to the change that was occurring.Both parties were involved in his or her internal reveries causing them to miss the bulk of what was causing the change to occur. The customers were frustrated by observing the constraints in receiving materiel and watching the installation fall apart due to miss-communication between employee and management. Management was looking for the imperfection in the current processes and provided training to the employees before the change was executed. All three parties saw imperfections of their own and learned how to handle those changes when they searched f or their causes.Management had to be sensitive to the implications of this consolidation and recognize the controversy from the change. To properly investigate the currently problem, management must first identify the problems that need to be solved. Management had to search out the facts behind the change; they would use eye witness testimony from the customer (Ruggeri, 2009). This testimony will give the customer a chance to vent their frustrations. Expert opinions from other entities that have consolidated their processes to see were their problematic issues were and what worked smoothly.Conduct surveys with the employees who would experience the change in the processes and how that will affect daily production. Finally management shall review their own experiences to see where in the problem lays on their end. By taking in all these prospective will allow management to have a 360 degree view of the problem and possible solutions to resolve the constraints in the consolidation pr oject. Questions to be answered before the consolidation can be implemented: * What will the new management hierarchy look like? How will the new processes fall into the old processes of issuing materiel? * Will we still use hard copy documents? * How will the customers be affected by this change? * How will the customer overcome their current frustrations? To better understand the problem behind this consolidation project, the stakeholders were on the verge of experiencing a change that had a variable of unknowns. Yes, the consolidation would reduce the turn-around time for the customers to receive their materiel, and the use of hard copy documents prolonged the issues rates.There were several advantages for technology and computerized documents to expedite the materiel issues. Although the hierarchy would change moving employees into a centralized location, the employees would see a minimal impact because the management system was not going to change Just the location. The new pro cesses would fall into the old process nicely due to the computerized issue documents and the track-ability of the eateries will show a positive chain of custody with an exchange of hands.The Old nard copy documents cause constrains Witt the loss to paperwork and past issue to materiel. Currently there are no hard-copy documents they were resolved when the documents became electronic. The customers will experience a bottle neck effect during the consolidation but once the materiel is moved into the new building it will have a stronger turn-around time. The customer will overcome their frustration by keeping an open like of communication and give a advance notice of intent with urgent items that need to be expedited.At the conclusion of this project it was noticed that the Seems were customer constraints and the lost of materiel transparency during the move. And the Jewels were that communication between the stakeholders kept the material movement seamless, as well as the advances in technology. Ultimately this project was a success, although if we would have used the creative process within our implantation we would not have experience the various constraints. References Ruggeri, V. R. (2009). The art of thinking: A guide to critical and creative thought (9th deed. ). New York, NY: Pearson Longhand.

Week One Ethics Development

The ethical system is built from many theories. Utilitarianism teaches to â€Å"do† the right things in life. Deontology follows dictations and commandments from the bible. The virtue theory contains the development of personal characteristics. It is interesting to know how a person develops morals and values and why everyone is different. Utilitarianism in ethics is the theory that the rightness or wrongness of an action is determined by its usefulness in bringing about the most happiness of all those affected by it. The word utilitarianism comes from the Greek word telos, which means â€Å"end†. Under this direction, acting ethically means making decisions and taking actions that benefit the people by maximizing â€Å"good† and minimizing â€Å"bad† (danielsfund. org). Englishmen Jerry Bentham and John Stuart Mill were too of the most influential developers of the utilitarian view point. Utilitarianism focuses on the pursuit of happiness. Another theory is the deontology moral theory. While utilitarianism revolves around the concept of â€Å"the end justifies the means†, and deontology works on a concept that â€Å"the ends does not justify the means†. Deontology is another moral theory that is dependent on the Scriptures, which may refer to rules, moral laws, and intuition. It is based on the Greek word â€Å"deon† and â€Å"logos† meaning, â€Å"the study of duty†. In other words deontology is based on the idea that we have a duty to do certain things and to not do certain things. For example, if a person refuses to shoot someone because they feel they have a duty to follow the commandment â€Å"Thou shalt not kill†. This sentence becomes a rule that the person lives by. Deontologist have strong feelings about the words â€Å"right† and â€Å"good†. Rights have to do with actions. Good has to do with outcomes. They feel that â€Å"right† is the only consideration. Deontologist are people who freely choose to accept certain constraints and who decide what is right by looking at the nature of the act itself. Some establish rules, such as keep your promises, do not kill, etc. and some follow God’s commandments. They do not look at the consequences as a rule and sometimes find themselves in difficult situations. Deontologists face more problems then conflicting duties. They are sometimes accused of being cold hearted moral machines that ignore the world around them. There are many disputes with this moral theory because people question if they are being ethical by doing what God says because they want to go to heaven. There is a difference between being obedient and being ethical. Another fascinating theory is the virtue theory. The virtue theory is different from utilitarianism and deontology. Many philosophers believe that morality consists of following precisely defined rules of conduct. Virtue theorists place less emphasis on learning rules, instead stress the importance of developing good habits of character. The virtue theory emphasizes moral education since virtuous character traits are developed in one’s youth. Adults are responsible for instilling virtues in the young. There are certain traits which are seen to be virtuous. For example, a few are wisdom, courage, justice and temperance. Virtue ethics can be seen as an ethics of personal development. People can develop virtues over time, and so in theory, grow into a better person. The virtue theory describes the position of my morality on a personal level. My parents taught me right from wrong and how to be a good person. They were my role models and I am the person that I am today because of them. They taught me that stealing is worng, and to respect others. These things are in the bible an my family believes in God but for me that was not the first that I react to when I make a decision. My decision making is guided by characteristics and the virtues that are installed in me. When I was younger I made many terrible decisions but now that I am older and wiser I make better decisions. For example, one day I was leaving Wal-Mart and I noticed that my daughter which is two years old had a toy in her stroller that was not paid for. I immediately went back inside to pay for the item. Because I have great parents that was raised with the good morals and values I will honor them by installing those traits into my children so they will become good people and grow up to be successful in life. Deontology moral theory works for individuals who are obedient and utilitarianism is great for someone who believes in taking action for the good of all. The virtue theory will work for someone who has strong and positive role models in their life. All three of these theories are great ways to incorporate good values and morals. Finding the one the best fits a person’s lifestyle is a challenge.

Critical analysis of the opening chapters of Waterland Essay Example

Critical analysis of the opening chapters of Waterland Essay Example Critical analysis of the opening chapters of Waterland Essay Critical analysis of the opening chapters of Waterland Essay This conclusion to the books opening paragraph epitomizes the first 4 chapters a seemingly ambiguous idea that bears no real resemblance to anything. However, this is because Graham Swift writes deliberately, and even the strangest subject is actually entirely relevant to both the plot and story. This allows him to develop his novels in his own, unique way (Although numerous parodies of other writers are present in his words; the most apparent example being Thomas Hardy and his descriptive style, where Swift describes the setting for periods of time, relating it to his characters) and fully explore his setting through his words, in this case The Fens. The first four chapters of Waterland do not introduce a plot that has lots of substance, save for the discovery of the body, which belonged to Freddie Parr, and the cutting back on history. However, this is not Swifts aim he attempts to acclimatise the reader to his world (Most evident in the Chapter 3 description About The Fens), thr ough first the introduction of the characters (Sometimes brief, sometimes more developed) and then the region they live in. Swift begins his book writing About the Stars and the Sluice. In this chapter we learn of Tom, Dick and his father, Henry, Crick (As well as Freddy Parr at the climatic end of the chapter). Interestingly enough, it is a humble anecdote that begins the story from Henry Crick, whatever you learn about people, each of them was once a tiny baby sucking his mothers milk This prophetic quote is typical of Henry Crick in the novels opening. He is described as a superstitious man (The theme of superstition and folklore is a recurring one, and is evident throughout the book), a trait that frequently appears during the course of the book. Tom says that his father had a knack for telling stories. Made-up stories, true stories; this is supported by Toms recollection of one midsummer night when his dad said, Do you know what the stars are? His fathers story about the stars strikes a chord with Tom, who admits some of his fathers tales are believable in the first chapter. The stars are referenced indirectly in Chapter 3, when we are told Henry Crick always believed that old Bill Claywas reallya sort of Wise Man. This creates the image of The Wise Men following the Star to Bethlehem, as if to suggest the characters themselves are following their own star (Possibly meaning being led by fate, as the fates of people were said to lie in the stars). We do not even learn what Toms relationship with Dick is in the opening four chapters, such is the vagueness of Swifts style. It is not until later known that Dick is Toms brother, and the irony that surrounds his name (In that Dick has an extremely large penis). In fact, he is only referred to twice, and that is to learn he is four years older than Tom. The mystery around this figure is puzzling, Swift leaving the reader feeling interested and inquisitive about the character. However, we find the main character to be Tom Crick, the narrator of the book. He is an intellectual man, and also a history teacher. We can trace these traits to the first chapter, where Tom explains that, it was my mother who first told me stories, which, she got from books as well as out of head He brings his intellect to his narration, which helps the reader understand the apparent reliance on history to help the story progress, using Latin phrases such as, Ipso facto (Suggesting his knowledge is plentiful and that Lewis shouldnt actually fire him, as hes valuable to the school). Toms only real admission of his own feelings is when he speaks of the cuts of the History Department (Him being one of them), which brings out the frustration and jealousy in him (Acting li ke a sulking child when saying, Its still his ship, as well as the fact that Lewis doesnt say certain things (The rhetoric emphasising his obsession over Lewis apparent negligence). Certainly the characters (In particular Tom), although not explored deep early on, begin to exhibit their complexities by the end of Chapter 4, Swift almost signifying his intent to prolong the full release of their emotions and feelings. Even though the opening four chapters are only 26 pages in length, Swift wastes no time in introducing the main themes of his novel, most notably change, history and evolution. All three can be found in Chapter 3, About The Fens. Tom explains that silt caused them [the shallow, shifting waters of the Wash] to retreat, labelling it an obstacle to water. Whereas the idea of the book is about water never staying the same and constantly changing, silt impedes change, and leaves things as they are. This is both a metaphorical and literal process, as Tom seems bound to his life that he cant escape, pretty much through choice, as if he is his own silt. He cant, and possibly doesnt even want to, change his situation, since his history and heritage means such a lot to him. This is re-emphasized by the process of human siltation; there is the real fight against the silt (Or for in Dicks case, as he works on a dredger), and the metaphorical fight. That is to say, fighting the fears and obstacle s we are faced with, and conquering them, all the while reclaiming the land (Our lives). The theory of change is highlighted by Toms extensive documentary of his family name and ancestry it appears his ancestors were familiar with the change (Especially those in Vermuydens time) and could deal with it, accepting it in their stride. However, Tom cant, or point blank refuses to. Whereas his ancestors ceased to be water people and became land people (Evolving and dealing with the change), Tom doesnt, when it appears he needs to. This is in fact one of the major contextual points of the book the idea of imperialism, colonialism and post-colonialism. The silt acts as the colonizer, and colonizes the land, claiming it from the water. The inhabitants have to co-exist with it, and live by its ruling. When post-colonialism occurs (i.e. the water leaving the land, either through dredging or actual retreat), the colonized take on its way of life, i.e. they try to fight the water as the silt did, and learn to control it. History plays a big part in the novel. Tom, as the narrator, explains his story as well as exhibiting his own knowledge. To the reader, this mix between fact and fiction presents a credible story, but also leads to a distortion of fact, as he would perhaps manipulate them to correspond with his own personal story. One of the main links with history is that of fairy tales, i.e. made-up stories. These are referred to numerous times by Tom to his class (Thus merging them with history) and the single-line paragraphs such as Once upon a time' (The classic fairy-tale opening, surreal in that Tom is telling us a fictional fairy-tale). The most extensive use of history, however, is Chapter 3, where Tom explains his family history, especially Jacob Crick (Swift highlighting him as the main ancestor simply through the amount of time spent on describing him), mill-man and apprentice hermit. Swift describes the simplicity of his job, but follows by stressing the skill and dedication needed to th e job (Almost as if Jacob is a reflection of Henry and Toms roots). Waterland is an historical novel and explores the past, presenting an ironic fact, but also fictional, book. This is a clear example of a paradox where Tom and the characters cant live with history, but also cant live without it (This is also the case for the actual story, since there is no apparent place for fact in a fictitious novel, yet the book is not as fluent without it). The form and structure of these chapters is quite telling of the way Swift wanted to communicate his novel. Chapter 1 serves as a perfect introductory chapter it is short (4 pages long) and has longer paragraphs than, for example, Chapter 4 (This is because Swift varies the paragraph lengths to mirror the structure of the novel itself, with some chapters describing an event in his life, another describing his heritage or information on the Fens, etc). By doing this, there is a clear distinction between each chapter about its purpose Chapter 3 has longer paragraphs, and is a longer chapter overall, because it is purely descriptive of the land, of the people and of the ideas that surround them (Evidently Swift uses these opportunities to develop the Fens so that we, the readers, experience, see and feel it as he does). The penultimate paragraph in Chapter 1 acts as a build up to the dramatic end the detailing of the Leems unceasing booty of debris leads into the final paragraph wher e we learn of the discovery of Freddie Parrs body (Indeed this is quite intentional as, at the beginning of the last paragraph, Swift begins, And thus it was). Swift, as mentioned earlier, varies paragraph length, especially when dealing with short, sharp paragraphs, such as, A fairy-tale land, after all, or Hed like it over and done with and out of the way. This gives the words a more powerful impact, illustrating them as being highly significant (Certainly the sentence structure at the end of Chapter 4 aids this, as we can almost feel the shattering effect the situation is having on Tom, his fairy-tale being ruined by reality). Also at the end of Chapter 4, we have the repetition of Were cutting back History, as if to conclude the chapter the read has just read. This provides a cyclic nature to the chapter where the passage begins and ends the same. Tom uses his intelligence as a history teacher to objectively integrate his own opinions into his narration, adopting parentheses at the end of paragraphs, (But since when have you been living, Lew, in the real world?) There is a possible imperialist form to this novel, where Tom appears to be looking down on the children he teaches, as if they (More specifically, Price What matters is the here and now. Not the past.) do not understand history as he does, and that he is in complete control of them. Lastly, Chapter 3 is the first pure historical chapter weve seen. In Chapter 2, Lewis tells Tom, A chance to get on with that book of yoursA History of the Fens. This Chapter is his book, and it flows from Chapter 2, where Tom says, let me tell you About The Fens. Th is reiterates the fact this is a narration a story being told and this makes the book flow better, making it more conversational. Swifts language throughout these opening chapters is very engaging, as it provokes the reader into reading on (most evident with the use of ellipses (), using it where peoples speech begins to trail off, or to suggest what he leaves unsaid (a school is a microcosm, so if the school works well)). Swift uses certain writing techniques that are cleverly integrated into his work, which, combined with specific linguistic style, creates intriguing reading. The audience of Toms narration is not named, but strong hints are made at his class (This makes his ellipses even more prominent, as there is an audience to suggest, and trail off, to). For instance, in Chapter 2, Tom says, You, above all, should know that it is not out of choice that I am leaving you. The direct address suggests that he is talking to people he knows and, considering he began with the single word sentence Children (The accompanying repetition reminding us that they are the future a post-imperialist reference and so Tom wants to pass them his knowledge before he leaves), we can assume it is to his class with relative aplomb. Toms tone during this chapter is caring and knowledgeable, yet also dominant and slightly patronising, yet this is directed more at Price than the whole class, since Price chose to challenge (And thus insult) Toms life. Repetition is a common technique of Swifts, as, in Chapter 3, he repeats the phrase Not to, showing Toms anger at the exclusion of certain facts (Such as the men who cut the throats of King Charless Dutch drainers), as well as Perhaps, questioning what lies ahead in his [Toms] future. Certainly Swifts descriptions are believable, due to the timescale he covers, as well as the fact the dates and statistics give his story more weight (Make more real). Swift is a great user of pace throughout these chapters. He places two short chapters either side of the long, descriptive Chapter 3, as to break up the flow of the piece (As well as the fact the longer paragraphs and chapters decelerate the pace so that the importance of the facts are not ignored). Swift also integrates i magery and symbolism into his work. One of his more distinguishing images is that of the eel (Especially the trapped eel), which represents the situation of Tom caged in a world and life he cant escape from but, dissimilar to the eel, this is partly through choice. So while Swift appears vague and very obscure at times, he does so for a reason. This is a recurrence throughout the first 4 chapters, which do not see a lot of (if any) plot development, but see a lot of theme and character building, the apparent main focus.

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